Here are some visual resources that did not make it into the book.

A holtabulator in 1890.

Pantograph punch machine.

Punchcard design update.

Herman Hollerith — the inventor of “modern” data processing.

A tabulator with motor-driven card feed from 1902.

A vertical sorter, possibly model 70, in 1908.

Thomas Watson, Sr, longtime CEO of IBM.

Thomas Watson, Sr. shaking hands with his son , Thomas Watson, Jr. in 1956.